*ENGLISH Japanese Study Course

❹Verbal predicate

2023年2月17日

【広告】RAKUTEN

Extra : Let's enjoy Japanese Heroine Songs!
Extra : Let's enjoy Japanese Heroine Songs!

We introduce how to study Japanese while listening to Japanese heroine anime songs. キューティーハニー, エースをねらえ, アタックNo.1, 魔女っ子メグちゃん, Japanese Songs, @Kanbe_Ryusho2023

Extra Lesson: Let's sing Japanese Karaoke!
Extra Lesson: Let's sing Japanese Karaoke!

This time is an extra lesson. We will introduce how to study Japanese while enjoying original YouTube karaoke videos. Enjoy nostalgic anime & hero theme songs!

Japanese Study Course
Japanese Study Course

This is a free online teaching material for foreigners to learn Japanese. The course is designed that you can naturally acquire knowledge by lying down at home.

❶Basic Pronouns
❶Basic Pronouns

Pronouns are the basis of grammar. Now, let's check the list of personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and interrogative pronouns.

❷Modification of Nouns
❷Modification of Nouns

Modifying nouns with pronouns, other nouns, to-infinitives, participles and relative pronouns. Example, in Japanese usage, 'noun + "の" + noun', as in '先生の辞書'.

❸Noun/Adjective Predicate
❸Noun/Adjective Predicate

"A は B です" is called a noun predicate sentence. - "A は B が好きです" is called an adjective predicate sentence. "好きです" consists of 'Adject + Auxiliary verb'. No verb

❹Verbal predicate sentences
❹Verbal predicate sentences

Japanese grammatical constructions like "A は B を・・・。" are called verbal predicate sentences. The predicate part "・・・" consists of 'a verb + an auxiliary verb'.

❺Past tense of verbs and auxiliary verbs
❺Past tense of verbs and auxiliary verbs

If you want to say, "I bought two dictionaries." in Japanese, you would normally say "私は2冊辞書を買った。" To put it politely, it's "私は2冊辞書を買いました。"ます" ➡Past tense "ました"

❻Present/Past Progressive Tenses
❻Present/Past Progressive Tenses

Present/Past

❼Verb Situational Expressions
❼Verb Situational Expressions

Verb expressions that indicate the situation have the same form as the present progressive tense. However, that is not progressive action but shows situation.

❽Possible Expressions [1]
❽Possible Expressions [1]

If you want to say, "I can speak English." in Japanese, you would politely say "私は英語ができます。". In another Japanese expression, you would say "私は英語を話すことができます。".

❾Possible Expressions [2]
❾Possible Expressions [2]

We will study verbs that indicate "possible" in Japanese. The verb "買う(buy)" was studied in lesson 5, let me introduce a verb "買える" that indicate "can buy".

➓Future Tense Expression
➓Future Tense Expression

"Shohei Ohtani will not pitch in the baseball game tomorrow." in Japanese, you would normally say "大谷翔平は明日の野球の試合で投げないだろう。". Future tense same as present tense.

⓫Guess/Conviction Expressions
⓫Guess/Conviction Expressions

Guess, Conviction, Verb(basic)/Noun/Adj+かもしれない, Possibility Guess, May be, Subjective Conviction, Must be, Objective Conjecture, Should be.

⓬Expressions of Desire
⓬Expressions of Desire

About expressions of desire, if you want to say, "I want to go on a trip with my friends during the summer vacation." in Japanese, you say "私は夏休みに友達と旅行がしたいです。".

⓭Expressions of Permissions and Prohibitions
⓭Expressions of Permissions and Prohibitions

We will study the expressions of permissions and prohibitions. "Can I go to Shibuya with my friends tomorrow?" in Japanese, you can say "私は明日、友達と渋谷に行ってもいいですか。".

⓮Expressions of Invitation & Intention
⓮Expressions of Invitation & Intention

Let's study the expressions of invitation & intention such as "Would you like to…/ Let's do…" for invitation & "I would like to…/ I'm going to…" for intention.

⓯Expressions of Requests
⓯Expressions of Requests

Let's study expressions of requests such as "Please do …" or "Will you please do…". If you want to say, "Please open the window." in Japanese, "窓を開けてください。".

⓰Expressions of "S+V+O+O"
⓰Expressions of "S+V+O+O"

Let's study expressions with two objects such as the pattern S+V+O+O like "I will give her a birthday present." You say "私は彼女に誕生日のプレゼントをあげようと思います。" in Japanese.

⓱Expressions by verb conjunctive form
⓱Expressions by verb conjunctive form

In lesson 17, we'll review the Expressions by verb conjunctive form we have already studied before. Also let's study new usages such as "・・・していきます/・・・してきます" .

⓲Usage of "i-type" adjectives
⓲Usage of "i-type" adjectives

Two types of Japanese adjectives: i-type and na-type. In Lesson 18, we study the usage of i-type adjectives. ex:"赤いリンゴ(a red apple)" or "高い山(a high mountain)".

⓳Usage of "na-type" adjectives
⓳Usage of "na-type" adjectives

Let's study "Usage of na-type adjectives." For example, "きれいな先生", "静かな音楽". They can also be used as an adjective predicate sentence, such as "この音楽は静かだ/静かではない。".

⓴Usage of Particles "が"&"は"
⓴Usage of Particles "が"&"は"

In Lesson 20, we will study the usage of particle "が" & "は". These two particles are similar in usage, so we will explain in detail how to use them differently.

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Extra : Let's enjoy Japanese Heroine Songs!
Extra Lesson: Let's sing Japanese Karaoke!
Japanese Study Course
❶Basic Pronouns
❷Modification of Nouns
❸Noun/Adjective Predicate
❹Verbal predicate sentences
❺Past tense of verbs and auxiliary verbs
❻Present/Past Progressive Tenses
❼Verb Situational Expressions
❽Possible Expressions [1]
❾Possible Expressions [2]
➓Future Tense Expression
⓫Guess/Conviction Expressions
⓬Expressions of Desire
⓭Expressions of Permissions and Prohibitions
⓮Expressions of Invitation & Intention
⓯Expressions of Requests
⓰Expressions of "S+V+O+O"
⓱Expressions by verb conjunctive form
⓲Usage of "i-type" adjectives
⓳Usage of "na-type" adjectives
⓴Usage of Particles "が"&"は"
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Japanese Study Course Lesson4

Lady JJ
Lady JJ

Hello everyone. I'm JJ. Nice to meet you! Welcome to Japanese Study Course. In lesson 4, we will study a erbal predicate sentences with object in Japanese.

LADY JJ
LADY JJ

We have good news for you!
In Ryusho Kanbe's room, we have just introduced the text-to-speech software "Ondoku-san". Please make full use of the Japanese audio and further improve your Japanese language skills.
Created By ondoku3.com

4-1 Verbal predicate sentence

Verbal predicate sentence ➡ "Subject + Verb"( Ex: AはBを持っています。)

  • Japanese grammatical constructions like "A は B を・・・。" are called verbal predicate sentences.
  • The predicate part "・・・" consists of 'a verb + an auxiliary verb' in Japanese.

4-2 Verbs of possession「持っている/あります」( A have B. )

(1)Affirmative form

  • I have a dictionary.
  • Ordinary:私は辞書を持っている。
  • Politely:私は辞書を持っています。
  • Replacing "いる" with "います" makes it more polite.

Detailed explanation

  • Ordinary:私は辞書を持っている。
  • Politely:私は辞書を持っています。
  • 私(subject)+は(nominative particle)
  • +辞書(object)+を(object particle)
  • +持っ(verb "持つ", conjunctive form)+て(conjunction particle)
  • +いる(auxiliary verb, situation)/ +います(compound auxiliary verb, polite situation)。

Vocabulary note

辞書 :(noun) dictionary
持つ :(verb) have
いる :(auxiliary verb, situation)
います:(compound auxiliary verb, polite situation)い(auxiliary verb”いる", consecutive form)+ます(auxiliary verb, polite)
 ◆Advanced Study Verbal predicate sentence
 ◆Advanced Study Conjugation of the verb "持つ"(Five-step
Negative form
持た(ない)
Auxiliary verb "ない" is added after
あなたはいつも荷物を持たない
You always carry no luggage.
Consecutive form
持ち(ます)
Auxiliary verb "ます" is added after
私がその荷物を持ちます
I will carry the luggage.
Conjunctive form
持っ(て)
Conjunction particle "て" is added after
私は辞書を持っています。
I have a dictionary.
Basic form
持つ
持つ
have/carry/hold
Adnominal form
持つ(+noun)
Noun is added after
その荷物を持つときには気をつけてね。
Be careful when you carry that luggage.
Hypothesis form
持て(ば)
Conjunction particle "ば" is added after
私が荷物を持てばよかったかもね。
It would have been better if I had carried my luggage.
Imperative form
持て
The form for giving orders
荷物が重いのであなたが持て
The luggage is heavy, so you should carry it!
Intentional form
持と(う)
Auxiliary verb "う" is added after
荷物が重そうなので私が持とうか?
Your luggage looks heavy, so should I carry it for you?

The conjugation form of the verb "持つ" takes the form of "ta, chi, tsu, te, to" like "持ない,持ます,持つ,ば,持う", so it is called the five-step conjugation of verbs.

For the better understanding of our readers, in KANBE Ryusho's room, regarding the case of the five-stage verb conjugations, we set them in the order of "a, i, u, e, o" based on the conjugation form . The verb "持つ" is the five-stage verb, so it is arranged in the order of "ta, chi, tsu, te, to".

(2)Negative form

  • I don't have a computer.
  • Ordinary:私はパソコンを持っていない。
  • Politely:私はパソコンを持っていません。
  • Replacing "いない" with "いません" makes it more polite.

Detailed explanation

  • Ordinary:私はパソコンを持っていない。
  • Politely:私はパソコンを持っていません。
  • 私(subject)+は(nominative particle)
  • +パソコン(object)+を(objective particle)
  • +持っ(verb "持つ", conjunctive form)+て(conjunction particle)
  • +いない(compound auxiliary verb, conjunctive, negation)/ +いません(compound auxiliary verb, situation, polite negation)。

Vocabulary note

パソコン:(noun) computer
を   :(objective particle) A particle that is added immediately after a noun that indicates an object
いない :(compound auxiliary verb, situation, negation) い(auxiliary verb”いる", negative form)+ない(auxiliary verb, negation)
いません:(compound auxiliary verb, situation, polite negation) い(auxiliary verb”いる", consecutive form)+ませ(auxiliary verb"ます", negative form)+ん(auxiliary verb, negation)
 ◆Advanced Study Conjugation of the auxiliary verb "いる"(Upper one-step)
Negative form
い(ない)
Auxiliary verb "ない" is added after
私はパソコンを持っていない
I do not have a computer.
Consecutive form
い(ます/ません
Auxiliary verb "ます/ません" is added after
私はパソコンを持っていません
I have a dictionary.
Basic form
いる
いる
auxiliary verb, situation
Adnominal form
いる(+noun)
Noun is added after
大金を持っているときには気をつけてね。
Be careful when you have a lot of money.
Hypothesis form
いれ(ば)
Conjunction particle "ば" is added after
私がお金を持っていればよかったかもね。
I wish I had the money.
Imperative form
いろ
The form for giving orders
荷物が重いのであなたが持っていろ
The luggage is heavy, so you should carry it!

The conjugation of the auxiliary verb "いる" is called the upper one-step conjugation of the auxiliary verb because they all include the "i" sound, such as "ない,ます,いる,いれば,いろ".

The auxiliary verb "いる" has a conjugation just like verbs. It may be one of the things that foreigners find Japanese difficult.

In Japanese grammar, "ません" is exactly the negative form of the polite auxiliary verb "ます" + the negative auxiliary verb "ぬ (ん)", indicating a polite negative expression. However, I think this is very difficult for foreigners to understand. From a practical point of view, I think conjugation of the auxiliary verb is too complicated.

Lady JJ
Lady JJ
Lady JJ
Lady JJ

In conclusion, I think it's easier to understand if you remember "いません" as the polite negative situational compound auxiliary verb. If you are not aiming to become a Japanese scholar, I recommend this method.

Do you want to become a Japanese scholar? No, no, I just want to be able to use Japanese. I find JJ's way of teaching easier.

Rabbit boy
Rabbit boy

(3)Interrogative form (Question)

  • Japanese interrogative sentences are formed by adding "か" at the end of the sentence.
  • Do you have time now?
  • Ordinary:今、時間はあるか。
  • Politely:今、時間はありますか。
  • Replacing "あるか " with "ありますか " makes it more polite.

Detailed explanation

  • Ordinary:今、時間はあるか。
  • Politely:今、時間はありますか。
  • 今(time)+時間(subject)+は(nominative particle)
  • +ある(verb)/ +あり(verb, consecutive form)+ます(auxiliary verb, polite)
  • +か(ending particle, question)。

Vocabulary note

今 :(noun) now
時間:(noun) time
  • Do you have a declaration to submit to customs?
  • Ordinary:税関に提出する申告書はあるか。
  • Politely:税関に提出する申告書はありますか。
  • Replacing "あるか" with "ありますか" makes it more polite.

Detailed explanation

  • Ordinary:税関に提出する申告書はあるか。
  • Politely:税関に提出する申告書はありますか。
  • 税関に提出する(noun modifier)
  • +申告書(subject)+は(nominative particle)
  • +ある(verb, basic form)/ +あり(verb, consecutive form)+ます(auxiliary verb, polite)
  • +か(ending particle, question)。
  • ※「税関に提出する(noun modifier)」➡税関(object)+に(objective particle with directional intent)+提出する(verb)

Vocabulary note

に:(objective particle with directional intent) to
 ◆Advanced Study Objective particle "に" ➀:with directional intent
  • The objective particle of this usage added immediately after a noun indicates a directional intention.
  • It is used in the form of "noun(object) + に".
  • For example, Do you have any questions for the teacher? 先生聞きたいことはありますか。
  • Do you have a declaration to submit to customs? 税関提出する申告書はありますか。

 

4-3 Verbs of presence「あります/います」( There is A . )

(1)Affirmative form

  • There is a dictionary on the table.
  • Ordinary:テーブルの上に辞書がある。
  • Politely:テーブルの上に辞書があります。
  • The sentence "There is A…" is expressed as "Aは(が)…にあります/います" in Japanese.
  • Replacing "ある" with "あります" makes it more polite.

Detailed explanation

  • Ordinary:テーブルの上に辞書がある。
  • Politely:テーブルの上に辞書があります。
  • テーブルの上に(place)
  • +辞書(subject)+が(nominative particle)
  • +ある(verb, basic form)/ +あり(verb, consecutive form)+ます(auxiliary verb, polite)。
  • ※「テーブルの上に(place)」➡テーブル(object)+の(structive particle)+上(location)+に(objective particle, place)

Vocabulary note

テーブル:(noun) table
に   :(objective particle, place) on/to
辞書  :(noun) dictionary
 ◆Advanced Study Objective particle "に" ➁:place
  • The objective particle of this usage is used to add immediately after a noun indicating place, when you want to describe the place where you are going like "I go to the cafeteria every day" or where an object is placed like "There is a dictionary on the table".
  • It is used in the form of "noun(object, place)+ に".
  • For example, I go to the cafeteria every day. 私は毎日食堂行く。
  • There is a dictionary on the table. テーブルの上辞書があります。

(2)Negative form

  • There are no people in the room.
  • Ordinary:部屋に人はいない。
  • Politely:部屋に人はいません。
  • The sentence "There is not A…" is expressed as "Aは(が)…にありません/いません" in Japanese.
  • Replacing "いない" with "いません" makes it more polite.

Detailed explanation

  • Ordinary:部屋に人はいない。
  • Politely:部屋に人はいません。
  • 部屋に(place)
  • +人(subject)+は(nominative particle)
  • +い(verb, negative form)+ない(auxiliary verb, negation)/ +い(verb, consecutive form)+ませ(auxiliary verb, negative form, polite)+ん(auxiliary verb, negation)。
  • ※「部屋に(place)」➡部屋(object)+に(objective particle, place)

Vocabulary note

部屋:(noun) room
人 :(noun) people
 ◆Advanced Study Conjugation of the verb "いる"(Upper one-step
Negative form
い(ない)
Auxiliary verb "ない" is added after
部屋に人はいない
There are no people in the room.
Consecutive form
い(ます/ません
Auxiliary verb "ます/ません" is added after
部屋に人はいません
There are no people in the room.
Basic form
いる
いる
verb
Adnominal form
いる(+noun)
Noun is added after
高い場所にいるときには気をつけてね。
Be careful when you're in high places
Hypothesis form
いれ(ば)
Conjunction particle "ば" is added after
私にも小さな妹がいればよかったなあ。
I wish I had a little sister too.
Imperative form
いろ
The form for giving orders
家の中にいろ
Stay home!

The conjugation of the verb "いる" is called the upper one-step conjugation of the verb because they all include the "i" sound, such as "ない,ます,いる,いれば,いろ".

What I learned earlier was the auxiliary verb "いる". It is used after the verb like "持っている", but what we are going to study here is the verb "いる". Don't get confused.

Rabbit Boy
Rabbit Boy

(3)Interrogative form (Question)

  • Where is Mr. Tanaka?
  • Ordinary:田中さんはどこにいるか?
  • Politely:田中さんはどこにいますか?
  • Replacing "いる" with "います" makes it more polite.

Detailed explanation

  • Ordinary:田中さんはどこにいるか?
  • Politely:田中さんはどこにいますか?
  • 田中さん(subject)+は(nominative particle)
  • +どこ(interrogative pronoun)+に(objective particle, place)
  • +いる(verb, basic form)/ +い(verb, consecutive form)+ます(auxiliary verb, basic form, polite)
  • +か(ending particle, question)。
Lady JJ
Lady JJ

The verbal predicate sentence with object is one of the most important points of Japanese grammar. In the next section we will also study Japanese past tense of verbs in detail. See you next time! Bye!

See you next!

Rabbit boy
Rabbit boy
Japanese Study Course
Japanese Study Course

This is a free online teaching material for foreigners to learn Japanese. The course is designed that you can naturally acquire knowledge by lying down at home.

日語學習課程
日語學習課程

我們決定提供一個學習課程,以簡單易懂的方式用繁體中文解釋日語語法。這些課程免費向公眾開放。我盡我所能提供更有效和高效的學習方法和內容,幫助您在短時間內提高技能。一起開始日語課程吧!

Chinese Study Course
Chinese Study Course

This is a free online teaching material for foreigners to learn Chinese. The best feature of the course is designed that you can naturally acquire knowledge by lying down at home and reading the content while looking at your mobile phone or tablet.

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❷Two Great Samurais & American sages
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Consul General Harris requested "Conclusion of the Japan-US Commerce Treaty." Against Harris's assert, Tairo Naosuke Ii responded brilliantly and paved the way for the opening of the Yokohama port.

Beautiful Landscape
Beautiful Landscape

I introduce my YouTube videos, landscape photos. In addition of photos and videos in Japan, maps of places taken photos, travel information, my impressions.

Beautiful landscape of Japan
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All photos taken by Ryusho. The contents are as follows; Tokyo Sky Tree, Yokohama port, Okinawa, Umikaji Terrace, Noboribetsu Hot Springs, Kokura Castle, Rokko mountain night view

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All photos taken by Ryusho. The contents are as follows; Noboribetsu hot springs, Night view of Hakodate and landscape of Hakodate city, Lake Onuma, Trappist Dai Monastery, Homemade salmon roe marinated in soy sauce

YouTube video (Fireworks display)
YouTube video (Fireworks display)

This is a video of the fireworks display with music (in Nagasaki). I use the music that was playing on the spot. Enjoy the splendid fireworks with music.

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Japanese Study Course
日語學習課程
Chinese Study Course
Ryukyu Dynasty
❶Two Great Samurais & American sages
❷Two Great Samurais & American sages
Beautiful Landscape
Beautiful landscape of Japan
Hakodate & Southern Hokkaido Special (Autumn)
YouTube video (Fireworks display)
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