⓭Expressions of Permissions and Prohibitions :Japanese Study

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Japanese Study Course

This is a free online teaching material for foreigners to learn Japanese. The course is designed that you can naturally acquire knowledge by lying down at home.

❶Basic Pronouns

Pronouns are the basis of grammar. Now, let's check the list of personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and interrogative pronouns.

❷Modification of Nouns

Modifying nouns with pronouns, other nouns, to-infinitives, participles and relative pronouns. Example, in Japanese usage, 'noun + "の" + noun', as in '先生の辞書'.

❸Noun/Adjective Predicate

"A は B です" is called a noun predicate sentence. - "A は B が好きです" is called an adjective predicate sentence. "好きです" consists of 'Adject + Auxiliary verb'. No verb

❹Verbal predicate sentences

Japanese grammatical constructions like "A は B を･･･。" are called verbal predicate sentences. The predicate part "･･･" consists of 'a verb + an auxiliary verb'.

❺Past tense of verbs and auxiliary verbs

If you want to say, "I bought two dictionaries." in Japanese, you would normally say "私は2冊辞書を買った。" To put it politely, it's "私は２冊辞書を買いました。"ます" ➡Past tense "ました"

❻Present/Past Progressive Tenses

Present/Past

❼Verb Situational Expressions

Verb expressions that indicate the situation have the same form as the present progressive tense. However, that is not progressive action but shows situation.

❽Possible Expressions [1]

If you want to say, "I can speak English." in Japanese, you would politely say "私は英語ができます。". In another Japanese expression, you would say "私は英語を話すことができます。".

❾Possible Expressions [2]

We will study verbs that indicate "possible" in Japanese. The verb "買う（buy）" was studied in lesson 5, let me introduce a verb "買える" that indicate "can buy".

➓Future Tense Expression

"Shohei Ohtani will not pitch in the baseball game tomorrow." in Japanese, you would normally say "大谷翔平は明日の野球の試合で投げないだろう。". Future tense same as present tense.

⓫Guess/Conviction Expressions

Guess, Conviction, Verb(basic)/Noun/Adj＋かもしれない, Possibility Guess, May be, Subjective Conviction, Must be, Objective Conjecture, Should be.

⓬Expressions of Desire

About expressions of desire, if you want to say, "I want to go on a trip with my friends during the summer vacation." in Japanese, you say "私は夏休みに友達と旅行がしたいです。".

⓭Expressions of Permissions and Prohibitions

We will study the expressions of permissions and prohibitions. "Can I go to Shibuya with my friends tomorrow?" in Japanese, you can say "私は明日、友達と渋谷に行ってもいいですか。".

⓮Expressions of Invitation & Intention

Let's study the expressions of invitation & intention such as "Would you like to…/ Let's do…" for invitation & "I would like to…/ I'm going to…" for intention.

⓯Expressions of Requests

Let's study expressions of requests such as "Please do …" or "Will you please do…". If you want to say, "Please open the window." in Japanese, "窓を開けてください。".

⓰Expressions of "S+V+O+O"

Let's study expressions with two objects such as the pattern S+V+O+O like "I will give her a birthday present." You say "私は彼女に誕生日のプレゼントをあげようと思います。" in Japanese.

⓱Expressions by verb conjunctive form

In lesson 17, we'll review the Expressions by verb conjunctive form we have already studied before. Also let's study new usages such as "･･･していきます/･･･してきます" .

⓲Usage of "i-type" adjectives

Two types of Japanese adjectives: i-type and na-type. In Lesson 18, we study the usage of i-type adjectives. ex:"赤いリンゴ（a red apple）" or "高い山（a high mountain）".

⓳Usage of "na-type" adjectives

Let's study "Usage of na-type adjectives." For example, "きれいな先生", "静かな音楽". They can also be used as an adjective predicate sentence, such as "この音楽は静かだ/静かではない。".

⓴Usage of Particles "が"&"は"

In Lesson 20, we will study the usage of particle "が" & "は". These two particles are similar in usage, so we will explain in detail how to use them differently.

Japanese Study Course Lesson13

LADY JJ

Hello everyone. I'm JJ. Nice to meet you! Welcome to Japanese Study Course. In lesson 13, we will study the expressions of permissions and prohibitions , such as "Can I …" or "You can …" for permissions, and "do not …", "must not …", "should not …" for prohibitions. For example, if you want to say, "Can I go to Shibuya with my friends tomorrow?" in Japanese, you would politely say "私は明日、友達と渋谷に行ってもいいですか。".

LADY JJ

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13-1 Expressions of permissions

（１）･･･してもいいか/･･･してもいいですか

Expressions of permissions ➡ "Verb（ conjunctive form ）+て+も+いいです"

Can I go to Shibuya with my friends tomorrow?
Ordinary：私は明日、友達と渋谷に行ってもいいか。
Politely：私は明日、友達と渋谷に行ってもいいですか。
Replacing "いいか" with "いいですか" makes it more polite.
The ordinary sentence can also be expressed as "私は明日、友達と渋谷に行ってもいい？", and the interrogative particle "か" can be omitted.

◆Detailed explanation

Ordinary：私は明日、友達と渋谷に行ってもいいか。
Polite：私は明日、友達と渋谷に行ってもいいですか。
私（subject）+は（nominative particle）+明日（time）
+友達（object）+と（objective particle, together）
+渋谷（place）+に（objective particle, place）
+行っ（verb "行く", conjunctive form）+て（conjunction particle）+も（adverbial particle）
+いい（noun）/ +いい（noun）+です（auxiliary verb, polite affirmation）
+か（ending particle, question）。

　◆Advanced Study　Conjugation of the verb "行く"（Five-step）

Negative form 行か（ない） Auxiliary verb "ない" is added after	今日の午後、私は図書館に行かない。 I will not go to the library this afternoon.
Consecutive form 行き（ます/ました/ません） Auxiliary verb "ます/ました/ません" is added after	私は去年北海道に行きました。 I went to Hokkaido last year.
Past tense form 行っ（た） Auxiliary verb "た" is added after	私は北海道に行ったことがありません。 I have never been to Hokkaido.
Conjunctive form 行っ（て） Conjunction particle "て" is added after	私は明日、友達と渋谷に行ってもいいですか。 Can I go to Shibuya with my friends tomorrow?
Basic form 行く	行く go
Adnominal form 行く（+noun） Noun is added after	図書館に行くときには必ず私も誘ってくださいね。 When you go to the library, be sure to invite me too.
Hypothesis form 行け（ば） Conjunction particle "ば" is added after	渋谷に買い物に行けば、欲しいものが見つかるよ。 If you go shopping in Shibuya, you'll find what you want.
Imperative form 行け	ゆっくり朝食を食べていないで、早く学校に行け！ Don't eat breakfast slowly, go to school early!
Intentional form 行こ（う） Auxiliary verb "う" is added after	彼は来年日本に行こうと思い、そのため毎日おこづかいを貯金しています。 He plans to go to Japan next year, so he is saving his pocket money every day.

The conjugation form of the verb "行く" takes the form of "ka, ki, ku, ke, ko" like "行かない, 行きます, 行く, 行けば, 行こう", so it is called the five-step conjugation of verbs.

（２）～でもいいか/～でもいいですか

Expressions of permissions ➡ "Noun+でも+いいです"

I'm busy right now, so can I call you at night?
Ordinary：今忙しいので、電話するのは夜でもいいか。
Politely：今忙しいので、電話するのは夜でもいいですか。
Replacing "いいか" with "いいですか" makes it more polite.
The ordinary sentence can also be expressed as "今忙しいので、電話するのは夜でもいい？", and the interrogative particle "か" can be omitted.

◆Detailed explanation

Ordinary：今忙しいので、電話するのは夜でもいいか。
Polite：今忙しいので、電話するのは夜でもいいですか。
今忙しい（adjective predicate）+ので（conjunction）、
+電話するの（subject）+は（nominative particle）
+夜（noun）+でも（adverbial particle）
+いい（noun）/ +いい（noun）+です（auxiliary verb, polite affirmation）
+か（ending particle, question）。
※「電話するの（subject）」➡電話する（verb, adnominal form）+の（case particles）

　◆Advanced Study　"Verb, adnominal form + の（case particles）"

By using the "Verb, adnominal form + の（case particles）", adnominal forms of verbs can be used as subjects in the same way as nouns.
It is used in the form of "Verb, adnominal form + の（case particles）".
For example, Yesterday was Sunday, so I woke up at 11:00 am.　昨日は日曜日だったので、起きたのは午前11時でした。
I'm busy right now, so can I call you at night?　今忙しいので、電話するのは夜でもいいですか。

13-2 Expressions of prohibitions

（１）･･･してはいけない/･･･してはいけません

Expressions of prohibitions ➡ "Verb（ conjunctive form ）+て+は+いけません"

You must not go to Shibuya with your friends tomorrow.
Ordinary：あなたは明日、友達と渋谷に行ってはいけない。
Politely：あなたは明日、友達と渋谷に行ってはいけません。
Replacing "いけない" with "いけません" makes it more polite.

◆Detailed explanation

Ordinary：あなたは明日、友達と渋谷に行ってはいけない。
Polite：あなたは明日、友達と渋谷に行ってはいけません。
あなた（subject）+は（nominative particle）+明日（time）
+友達（object）+と（objective particle, together）
+渋谷（place）+に（objective particle, place）
+行っ（verb "行く", conjunctive form）+て（conjunction particle）+は（adverbial particle）
+いけない（collocation phrase）/ +いけません（collocation phrase）。

　◆Advanced Study　Collocation phrase "いけない/いけません"

いけない	Category： collocation phrase Meaning： expressions of prohibitions, must not Advanced commentary：いけない ➡ いけ（verb "行ける", negative form）+ない（auxiliary verb, negation）
いけません	Category： collocation phrase Meaning： polite expressions of prohibitions, must not Advanced commentary：いけません➡いけ（verb "行ける", consecutive form）+ませ（auxiliary verb"ます", negative form）+ん（auxiliary verb, negation）

（２）･･･してはだめだ/･･･してはだめです

Expressions of prohibitions ➡ "Verb（ conjunctive form ）+て+は+だめです"

You shouldn't drink a lot of alcohol every day.
Ordinary：あなたは毎日大量にお酒を飲んではだめだ。
Politely：あなたは毎日大量にお酒を飲んではだめです。
Replacing "だ" with "です" makes it more polite.

◆Detailed explanation

Ordinary：あなたは毎日大量にお酒を飲んではだめだ。
Polite：あなたは毎日大量にお酒を飲んではだめです。
あなた（subject）+は（nominative particle）
+毎日（time）+大量に（adverb）
+お酒（object）+を（objective particle）
+飲ん（verb "飲む", conjunctive form）+で（conjunction particle）+は（adverbial particle）
+だめ（noun）+だ（auxiliary verb, affirmation）/ +だめ（noun）+です（auxiliary verb, polite affirmation）。

◆Vocabulary note

毎日　：（noun） everyday
大量に：（adverb） a lot
お酒　：（noun） alcohol
飲む　：（verb） drink

（３）･･･しないで/･･･しないでください

Expressions of prohibitions ➡ "Verb（ negative form ）+で+ください"

Don't drink a lot of alcohol every day.
Ordinary：あなたは毎日大量にお酒を飲まないで。
Politely：あなたは毎日大量にお酒を飲まないでください。
Adding "ください" at the end of the sentence makes it more polite.

◆Detailed explanation

Ordinary：あなたは毎日大量にお酒を飲まないで。
Polite：あなたは毎日大量にお酒を飲まないでください。
あなた（subject）+は（nominative particle）
+毎日（time）+大量に（adverb）
+お酒（object）+を（objective particle）
+飲ま（verb "飲む", negative form）+ない（auxiliary verb, negation）
+で（auxiliary verb "だ", consecutive form）/ +で（auxiliary verb "だ", consecutive form）+ください（auxiliary verb, polite demand）。

（４）～ではだめだ/～ではだめです（～ではいけない/いけません）

Expressions of prohibitions ➡ "Noun+で+は+だめです/いけません"

I'm in a hurry, so I can't call you at night.
Ordinary：急いでいるので、電話するのは夜ではだめだ。
Politely：急いでいるので、電話するのは夜ではだめです。
Replacing "だ" with "です" makes it more polite.

◆Detailed explanation

Ordinary：急いでいるので、電話するのは夜ではだめです。
Polite：急いでいるので、電話するのは夜ではだめです。
急い（verb "急ぐ", conjunctive form）+で（conjunction particle）+いる（auxiliary verb, situation）+ので（conjunction）、
+電話するの（subject）+は（nominative particle）
+夜（time）+で（conjunction particle）＋は（adverbial particle）
+だめ（noun）+だ（auxiliary verb, affirmation）/ +だめ（noun）+です（auxiliary verb, polite affirmation）。

"I'm going to a formal party tomorrow! Don't wear jeans."「私は明日、フォーマルなパーティーに行きます！ジーンズではいけません。」

Rabbit Boy

LADY JJ

Today's lesson ends here. Ladies and gentlemen, did you understand today's theme "Expressions of Permissions and Prohibitions"? Next time, we will study "Expressions of invitation" such as "Let's do…". See you!

See you next time!

Rabbit Boy

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⓭Expressions of Permissions and Prohibitions