*ENGLISH Japanese Study Course

❾Possible Expressions [2]

2023年4月28日

【広告】RAKUTEN

Extra : Let's enjoy Japanese Heroine Songs!
Extra : Let's enjoy Japanese Heroine Songs!

We introduce how to study Japanese while listening to Japanese heroine anime songs. キューティーハニー, エースをねらえ, アタックNo.1, 魔女っ子メグちゃん, Japanese Songs, @Kanbe_Ryusho2023

Extra Lesson: Let's sing Japanese Karaoke!
Extra Lesson: Let's sing Japanese Karaoke!

This time is an extra lesson. We will introduce how to study Japanese while enjoying original YouTube karaoke videos. Enjoy nostalgic anime & hero theme songs!

Japanese Study Course
Japanese Study Course

This is a free online teaching material for foreigners to learn Japanese. The course is designed that you can naturally acquire knowledge by lying down at home.

❶Basic Pronouns
❶Basic Pronouns

Pronouns are the basis of grammar. Now, let's check the list of personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and interrogative pronouns.

❷Modification of Nouns
❷Modification of Nouns

Modifying nouns with pronouns, other nouns, to-infinitives, participles and relative pronouns. Example, in Japanese usage, 'noun + "の" + noun', as in '先生の辞書'.

❸Noun/Adjective Predicate
❸Noun/Adjective Predicate

"A は B です" is called a noun predicate sentence. - "A は B が好きです" is called an adjective predicate sentence. "好きです" consists of 'Adject + Auxiliary verb'. No verb

❹Verbal predicate sentences
❹Verbal predicate sentences

Japanese grammatical constructions like "A は B を・・・。" are called verbal predicate sentences. The predicate part "・・・" consists of 'a verb + an auxiliary verb'.

❺Past tense of verbs and auxiliary verbs
❺Past tense of verbs and auxiliary verbs

If you want to say, "I bought two dictionaries." in Japanese, you would normally say "私は2冊辞書を買った。" To put it politely, it's "私は2冊辞書を買いました。"ます" ➡Past tense "ました"

❻Present/Past Progressive Tenses
❻Present/Past Progressive Tenses

Present/Past

❼Verb Situational Expressions
❼Verb Situational Expressions

Verb expressions that indicate the situation have the same form as the present progressive tense. However, that is not progressive action but shows situation.

❽Possible Expressions [1]
❽Possible Expressions [1]

If you want to say, "I can speak English." in Japanese, you would politely say "私は英語ができます。". In another Japanese expression, you would say "私は英語を話すことができます。".

❾Possible Expressions [2]
❾Possible Expressions [2]

We will study verbs that indicate "possible" in Japanese. The verb "買う(buy)" was studied in lesson 5, let me introduce a verb "買える" that indicate "can buy".

➓Future Tense Expression
➓Future Tense Expression

"Shohei Ohtani will not pitch in the baseball game tomorrow." in Japanese, you would normally say "大谷翔平は明日の野球の試合で投げないだろう。". Future tense same as present tense.

⓫Guess/Conviction Expressions
⓫Guess/Conviction Expressions

Guess, Conviction, Verb(basic)/Noun/Adj+かもしれない, Possibility Guess, May be, Subjective Conviction, Must be, Objective Conjecture, Should be.

⓬Expressions of Desire
⓬Expressions of Desire

About expressions of desire, if you want to say, "I want to go on a trip with my friends during the summer vacation." in Japanese, you say "私は夏休みに友達と旅行がしたいです。".

⓭Expressions of Permissions and Prohibitions
⓭Expressions of Permissions and Prohibitions

We will study the expressions of permissions and prohibitions. "Can I go to Shibuya with my friends tomorrow?" in Japanese, you can say "私は明日、友達と渋谷に行ってもいいですか。".

⓮Expressions of Invitation & Intention
⓮Expressions of Invitation & Intention

Let's study the expressions of invitation & intention such as "Would you like to…/ Let's do…" for invitation & "I would like to…/ I'm going to…" for intention.

⓯Expressions of Requests
⓯Expressions of Requests

Let's study expressions of requests such as "Please do …" or "Will you please do…". If you want to say, "Please open the window." in Japanese, "窓を開けてください。".

⓰Expressions of "S+V+O+O"
⓰Expressions of "S+V+O+O"

Let's study expressions with two objects such as the pattern S+V+O+O like "I will give her a birthday present." You say "私は彼女に誕生日のプレゼントをあげようと思います。" in Japanese.

⓱Expressions by verb conjunctive form
⓱Expressions by verb conjunctive form

In lesson 17, we'll review the Expressions by verb conjunctive form we have already studied before. Also let's study new usages such as "・・・していきます/・・・してきます" .

⓲Usage of "i-type" adjectives
⓲Usage of "i-type" adjectives

Two types of Japanese adjectives: i-type and na-type. In Lesson 18, we study the usage of i-type adjectives. ex:"赤いリンゴ(a red apple)" or "高い山(a high mountain)".

⓳Usage of "na-type" adjectives
⓳Usage of "na-type" adjectives

Let's study "Usage of na-type adjectives." For example, "きれいな先生", "静かな音楽". They can also be used as an adjective predicate sentence, such as "この音楽は静かだ/静かではない。".

⓴Usage of Particles "が"&"は"
⓴Usage of Particles "が"&"は"

In Lesson 20, we will study the usage of particle "が" & "は". These two particles are similar in usage, so we will explain in detail how to use them differently.

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Extra : Let's enjoy Japanese Heroine Songs!
Extra Lesson: Let's sing Japanese Karaoke!
Japanese Study Course
❶Basic Pronouns
❷Modification of Nouns
❸Noun/Adjective Predicate
❹Verbal predicate sentences
❺Past tense of verbs and auxiliary verbs
❻Present/Past Progressive Tenses
❼Verb Situational Expressions
❽Possible Expressions [1]
❾Possible Expressions [2]
➓Future Tense Expression
⓫Guess/Conviction Expressions
⓬Expressions of Desire
⓭Expressions of Permissions and Prohibitions
⓮Expressions of Invitation & Intention
⓯Expressions of Requests
⓰Expressions of "S+V+O+O"
⓱Expressions by verb conjunctive form
⓲Usage of "i-type" adjectives
⓳Usage of "na-type" adjectives
⓴Usage of Particles "が"&"は"
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Japanese Study Course Lesson9

LADY JJ
LADY JJ

Hello everyone. I'm JJ. Nice to meet you! Welcome to Japanese Study Course. In lesson 9, we will study verbs that indicate "possible" in Japanese. For example, we studied the verb "買う(buy)" in lesson 5, in this lesson I would like introduce a verb "買える" that is the verb that indicate "can buy".

LADY JJ
LADY JJ

We have good news for you!
In Ryusho Kanbe's room, we have just introduced the text-to-speech software "Ondoku-san". Please make full use of the Japanese audio and further improve your Japanese language skills.
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9-1 Verbs that indicate "possible expression"

Possible Expressions ③ ➡ " 買える( verb that indicate "possible expression ) "

(1)Affirmative form

  • I buy my favorite magazine.
  • Ordinary:私はお気に入りの雑誌を買う。
  • I can buy my favorite magazine because my grandmother gave me pocket money.
  • Ordinary:祖母がお小遣いをくれたので、私はお気に入りの雑誌を買うことができる。※We studied this method of expression in the previous Lesson 8(Possible Expressions [1]).
  • There is another way of expressing it by using verbs that indicate "possible expression" If you say "祖母がお小遣いをくれたので、私はお気に入りの雑誌を買える。", the meaning is the same, but this expression is simpler and smarter.
  • This "買える" is the the verb that indicate "possible expression" of the verb "買う". It is not conjugation of the verb "買う" but is another verb that indicate "possible expression".
  • I can buy my favorite magazine because my grandmother gave me pocket money.
  • Ordinary:祖母がお小遣いをくれたので、私はお気に入りの雑誌を買える。
  • Politely:祖母がお小遣いをくれたので、私はお気に入りの雑誌を買えます。
  • Replacing "買える" with "買えます" makes it more polite.

Detailed explanation

  • First sentence:祖母がお小遣いをくれたので、
  • 祖母(subject)+が(nominative particle)
  • +お小遣い(object)+を(object particle)
  • +くれ(verb, past form)+た(auxiliary verb, past tense)
  • +ので(conjunction particle)、
  • Ordinary:私はお気に入りの雑誌を買える。
  • Polite:私はお気に入りの雑誌を買えます。
  • 私(subject)+は(nominative particle)
  • +お気に入りの(adjective)+雑誌(object)+を(object particle)
  • +買える(verb)/ +買え(verb, consecutive form)+ます(auxiliary verb, polite)。

Vocabulary note

祖母  :(noun) grandmother
お小遣い:(noun) pocket money
くれる :(verb) give
ので  :(conjunction particle) because, because of
雑誌  :(noun) magazine
買える :(verb) can buy

(2)Negative form

  • I don't buy my favorite magazine.
  • Ordinary:私はお気に入りの雑誌を買わない。
  • I can not buy my favorite magazine because of no money.
  • Ordinary:私はお金がないので、お気に入りの雑誌を買うことができない。※We studied this method of expression in the previous Lesson 8(Possible Expressions [1]).
  • There is another way of expressing it by using verbs that indicate "possible expression" If you say "私はお金がないので、お気に入りの雑誌を買えない。", the meaning is the same, but this expression is simpler and smarter.
  • "買わない" is an action based on your own decision, but "買えない" means you want to buy but can't. Only one letter is different, but the meaning is very different.
  • I can not buy my favorite magazine because of no money.
  • Ordinary:私はお金がないので、お気に入りの雑誌を買えない。
  • Politely:私はお金がないので、お気に入りの雑誌を買えません。
  • Replacing "ない" with "ません" makes it more polite.

Detailed explanation

  • Ordinary:私はお金がないので、お気に入りの雑誌を買えない。
  • Polite:私はお金がないので、お気に入りの雑誌を買えません。
  • 私(subject)+は(nominative particle)
  • +[ first phrase:お金(subject)+が(nominative particle)+ない(auxiliary verb)+ので(conjunction particle)、]
  • +お気に入りの(adjective)+雑誌(object)+を(object particle)
  • +買え(verb, negative form)+ない(auxiliary verb)/ +買え(verb, consecutive form)+ません(compound auxiliary verb, polite, negation)。

Vocabulary note

お金  :(noun) money
 ◆Advanced Study Conjugation of the verb "買える"(Lower one-step)
Negative form
買え(ない)
Auxiliary verb "ない" is added after
私はお金がないので、お気に入りの雑誌を買えない
I can not buy my favorite magazine because of no money.
Consecutive form
買え(ます/ません/ました)
Auxiliary verb "ます/ません/ました" is added after
私はお金がないので、お気に入りの雑誌を買えません
I can not buy my favorite magazine because of no money.
Past tense form
買え(た)

Auxiliary verb "た" is added after
昨日祖母がお小遣いをくれたので、私はお気に入りの雑誌を買えた
I could buy my favorite magazine yesterday because my grandmother gave me pocket money.
Basic form
買える
買える
can buy
Adnominal form
買える(+noun)
Noun is added after
あなたは自分の家を買えるときには早く決断するべきです。
You should decide early when you can buy your own house.
Hypothesis form
買えれ(ば)
Conjunction particle "ば" is added after
あなたもこの雑誌を買えればよかったですが、売り切れではやむを得ないね。
I wish you could buy this magazine too, but it's unavoidable that it's sold out.

The conjugation form of the verb "買える" is called the lower one-step conjugation of the verb because they all include the "e" sound, such as "買ない,買ます,買える,買えれば".

 

9-2 Forms of Verbs Expressing Possible

(1)Cases of the five-step conjugation of verbs

  • Five-step conjugations of verbs such as "買う" "買える"
  • "u" sound "eru"
  • In the five-step conjugations of verbs such as "買う", the possible verb form is always the lower one-step conjugation, such as "買える".
  • The basic forms of these verbs all end in the "u" sound. The point of these verb conversion rules is to change the sound of "u" to "eru".
  • In the case of the verb "持つ(motsu)" that we studied in Lesson 4, we convert the "u" sound to "eru" and it becomes ”持てる(moteru)".

(2)Cases of the upper or lower one-step conjugation of verbs

  • Upper one-step conjugations of verbs such as "見る" "見られる"
  • "ru" sound "rareru"
  • Lower one-step conjugations of verbs is the same as above.
  • In the upper one-step conjugations of verbs such as "見る" or the lower one-step conjugations of verbs, the possible verb form is always the lower one-step conjugation, such as "見られる".
  • The basic forms of these verbs all end in the "ru" sound. The point of these verb conversion rules is to change the sound of "ru" to "rareru".
  • In the case of the verb "食べる(taberu)" that is the lower one-step conjugation verb, we convert the "ru" sound to "rareru" and it becomes ”食べられる(taberareru)".
  • If you want to say, "I am so full that I can't eat anymore." in Japanese, you would normally say "私は満腹なので、もう食べられない。".
  • I am so full that I can't eat anymore.
  • Ordinary:私は満腹なので、もう食べられない。
  • Politely:私は満腹なので、もう食べられません。
  • Replacing "ない" with "ません" makes it more polite.

Detailed explanation

  • Ordinary:私は満腹なので、もう食べられない。
  • Polite:私は満腹なので、もう食べられません。
  • 私(subject)+は(nominative particle)
  • +[ first phrase:満腹(noun)+なので(auxiliary verb + conjunction particle)、]
  • +もう(adverb)
  • +食べられ(verb, negative form)+ない(auxiliary verb)/ +食べられ(verb, consecutive form)+ません(compound auxiliary verb, polite, negation)。

Vocabulary note

満腹   :(noun) satiety
なので  :(auxiliary verb + conjunction particle) so ~ that ・・・
もう   :(adverb) anymore
食べられる:(verb) can eat
 ◆Advanced Study Conjugation of the verb "食べられる"(Lower one-step)
Negative form
食べられ(ない)
Auxiliary verb "ない" is added after
私は満腹なので、もう食べられない
I am so full that I can't eat anymore.
Consecutive form
食べられ(ます/ません/ました)
Auxiliary verb "ます/ません/ました" is added after
私は満腹なので、もう食べられません
I am so full that I can't eat anymore.
Past tense form
食べられ(た)

Auxiliary verb "た" is added after
昨日母がお小遣いをくれたので、私は久しぶりに美味しいものが食べられた
My mother gave me some pocket money yesterday, so I was able to eat delicious food for the first time in a long time.
Basic form
食べられる
食べられる
can eat
Adnominal form
食べられる(+noun)
Noun is added after
今日は仕事が大変忙しいので、あなたは食べられるときに昼食に行ってくださいね。
We are very busy with work today, so please go to lunch when you can.
Hypothesis form
食べられれ(ば)
Conjunction particle "ば" is added after
あなたもお刺身を食べられればよかったですが、生魚が苦手では仕方ないね。
It would have been nice if you could eat sashimi too, but it can't be helped if you don't like raw fish.

The conjugation form of the verb "食べられる" is called the lower one-step conjugation of the verb because they all include the "e" sound, such as "食べらない,食べらます,食べられる,食べられれば".

 ◆Advanced Study なので(auxiliary verb + conjunction particle)
なのでCategory: auxiliary verb + conjunction particle
Meaningso ~ that ・・・
Advanced commentary

なので➡な(adnominal form of the assertive auxiliary verb "だ" )+ ので(conjunction particle)

(3)Cases of the specific conjugation of verbs

  • The 'sa-line' specific conjugations of verbs such as "勉強する" "勉強できる"
  • The 'ka-line' specific conjugations of verb "来る" "こられる"
  • In the 'sa-line' specific conjugations of verbs such as "勉強する", the possible verb form is always the same styles such as "勉強できる".
  • The basic forms of these verbs all end in "する". The point of these verb conversion rules is to change the sound of "する" to "できる".
  • In the 'ka-line' specific conjugations of verb "来る", the possible verb form is "こられる".

The conjugation form of the verb "勉強する" takes the unique form of "shi, shi, suru, sure, shiro" like "勉強ない,勉強ます,勉強する,勉強すれば,勉強しよう", so it is called the 'sa-line' specific conjugation of verbsThe verbs that express "○○する", such as "勉強する", have the same conjugation.

The conjugation form of the verb "来る" takes the irregular form of "ko, ki, kuru, kure, koi(koyo)" like "来ない(来ず), 来ます, 来る, 来れば, 来い(来よう)", so it is called the 'ka-line' specific conjugation of verbsThis specific verb conjugation applies only to verb"来る".

We learned how to use "できる" in Lesson 8, so this is easy.
「私は毎日、日本語が勉強できるので、ラッキーだ!(I am lucky because I can study Japanese every day!)」

Rabbit Boy
Rabbit Boy
LADY JJ
LADY JJ

Today's lesson ends here. Ladies and gentlemen, did you understand today's theme "Verbs that indicate possible"? Next time, we will learn about the future tense. See you!

See you next time!

Rabbit Boy
Rabbit Boy
Japanese Study Course
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This is a free online teaching material for foreigners to learn Japanese. The course is designed that you can naturally acquire knowledge by lying down at home.

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Chinese Study Course
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This is a free online teaching material for foreigners to learn Chinese. The best feature of the course is designed that you can naturally acquire knowledge by lying down at home and reading the content while looking at your mobile phone or tablet.

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Japanese Study Course
日語學習課程
Chinese Study Course
Ryukyu Dynasty
❶Two Great Samurais & American sages
❷Two Great Samurais & American sages
Beautiful Landscape
Beautiful landscape of Japan
Hakodate & Southern Hokkaido Special (Autumn)
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