*ENGLISH Japanese Study Course

❼Situational Expressions

2023年3月19日

【広告】RAKUTEN

Extra : Let's enjoy Japanese Heroine Songs!
Extra : Let's enjoy Japanese Heroine Songs!

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Extra Lesson: Let's sing Japanese Karaoke!
Extra Lesson: Let's sing Japanese Karaoke!

This time is an extra lesson. We will introduce how to study Japanese while enjoying original YouTube karaoke videos. Enjoy nostalgic anime & hero theme songs!

Japanese Study Course
Japanese Study Course

This is a free online teaching material for foreigners to learn Japanese. The course is designed that you can naturally acquire knowledge by lying down at home.

❶Basic Pronouns
❶Basic Pronouns

Pronouns are the basis of grammar. Now, let's check the list of personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and interrogative pronouns.

❷Modification of Nouns
❷Modification of Nouns

Modifying nouns with pronouns, other nouns, to-infinitives, participles and relative pronouns. Example, in Japanese usage, 'noun + "の" + noun', as in '先生の辞書'.

❸Noun/Adjective Predicate
❸Noun/Adjective Predicate

"A は B です" is called a noun predicate sentence. - "A は B が好きです" is called an adjective predicate sentence. "好きです" consists of 'Adject + Auxiliary verb'. No verb

❹Verbal predicate sentences
❹Verbal predicate sentences

Japanese grammatical constructions like "A は B を・・・。" are called verbal predicate sentences. The predicate part "・・・" consists of 'a verb + an auxiliary verb'.

❺Past tense of verbs and auxiliary verbs
❺Past tense of verbs and auxiliary verbs

If you want to say, "I bought two dictionaries." in Japanese, you would normally say "私は2冊辞書を買った。" To put it politely, it's "私は2冊辞書を買いました。"ます" ➡Past tense "ました"

❻Present/Past Progressive Tenses
❻Present/Past Progressive Tenses

Present/Past

❼Verb Situational Expressions
❼Verb Situational Expressions

Verb expressions that indicate the situation have the same form as the present progressive tense. However, that is not progressive action but shows situation.

❽Possible Expressions [1]
❽Possible Expressions [1]

If you want to say, "I can speak English." in Japanese, you would politely say "私は英語ができます。". In another Japanese expression, you would say "私は英語を話すことができます。".

❾Possible Expressions [2]
❾Possible Expressions [2]

We will study verbs that indicate "possible" in Japanese. The verb "買う(buy)" was studied in lesson 5, let me introduce a verb "買える" that indicate "can buy".

➓Future Tense Expression
➓Future Tense Expression

"Shohei Ohtani will not pitch in the baseball game tomorrow." in Japanese, you would normally say "大谷翔平は明日の野球の試合で投げないだろう。". Future tense same as present tense.

⓫Guess/Conviction Expressions
⓫Guess/Conviction Expressions

Guess, Conviction, Verb(basic)/Noun/Adj+かもしれない, Possibility Guess, May be, Subjective Conviction, Must be, Objective Conjecture, Should be.

⓬Expressions of Desire
⓬Expressions of Desire

About expressions of desire, if you want to say, "I want to go on a trip with my friends during the summer vacation." in Japanese, you say "私は夏休みに友達と旅行がしたいです。".

⓭Expressions of Permissions and Prohibitions
⓭Expressions of Permissions and Prohibitions

We will study the expressions of permissions and prohibitions. "Can I go to Shibuya with my friends tomorrow?" in Japanese, you can say "私は明日、友達と渋谷に行ってもいいですか。".

⓮Expressions of Invitation & Intention
⓮Expressions of Invitation & Intention

Let's study the expressions of invitation & intention such as "Would you like to…/ Let's do…" for invitation & "I would like to…/ I'm going to…" for intention.

⓯Expressions of Requests
⓯Expressions of Requests

Let's study expressions of requests such as "Please do …" or "Will you please do…". If you want to say, "Please open the window." in Japanese, "窓を開けてください。".

⓰Expressions of "S+V+O+O"
⓰Expressions of "S+V+O+O"

Let's study expressions with two objects such as the pattern S+V+O+O like "I will give her a birthday present." You say "私は彼女に誕生日のプレゼントをあげようと思います。" in Japanese.

⓱Expressions by verb conjunctive form
⓱Expressions by verb conjunctive form

In lesson 17, we'll review the Expressions by verb conjunctive form we have already studied before. Also let's study new usages such as "・・・していきます/・・・してきます" .

⓲Usage of "i-type" adjectives
⓲Usage of "i-type" adjectives

Two types of Japanese adjectives: i-type and na-type. In Lesson 18, we study the usage of i-type adjectives. ex:"赤いリンゴ(a red apple)" or "高い山(a high mountain)".

⓳Usage of "na-type" adjectives
⓳Usage of "na-type" adjectives

Let's study "Usage of na-type adjectives." For example, "きれいな先生", "静かな音楽". They can also be used as an adjective predicate sentence, such as "この音楽は静かだ/静かではない。".

⓴Usage of Particles "が"&"は"
⓴Usage of Particles "が"&"は"

In Lesson 20, we will study the usage of particle "が" & "は". These two particles are similar in usage, so we will explain in detail how to use them differently.

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Extra : Let's enjoy Japanese Heroine Songs!
Extra Lesson: Let's sing Japanese Karaoke!
Japanese Study Course
❶Basic Pronouns
❷Modification of Nouns
❸Noun/Adjective Predicate
❹Verbal predicate sentences
❺Past tense of verbs and auxiliary verbs
❻Present/Past Progressive Tenses
❼Verb Situational Expressions
❽Possible Expressions [1]
❾Possible Expressions [2]
➓Future Tense Expression
⓫Guess/Conviction Expressions
⓬Expressions of Desire
⓭Expressions of Permissions and Prohibitions
⓮Expressions of Invitation & Intention
⓯Expressions of Requests
⓰Expressions of "S+V+O+O"
⓱Expressions by verb conjunctive form
⓲Usage of "i-type" adjectives
⓳Usage of "na-type" adjectives
⓴Usage of Particles "が"&"は"
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Japanese Study Course Lesson7

Lady JJ
Lady JJ

Hello everyone. I'm JJ. Nice to meet you! Welcome to Japanese Study Course. In lesson 7, we will study verb situational expressions in Japanese. The verb expression that indicates the situation has the same form as the present progressive tense, but the content of the expression is different.

LADY JJ
LADY JJ

We have good news for you!
In Ryusho Kanbe's room, we have just introduced the text-to-speech software "Ondoku-san". Please make full use of the Japanese audio and further improve your Japanese language skills.
Created By ondoku3.com

7-1 Situational Expressions

Situational Expressions ➡ " Verb( conjunctive form++いる/います "

(1) 知らない人が玄関の前に立っています

  • A stranger is standing in front of the door.
  • Ordinary:知らない人が玄関の前に立っている。
  • Politely:知らない人が玄関の前に立っています。
  • Replacing "いる" with "います" makes it more polite.
  • The verb expression that indicates the situation has the same form as the present progressive tense. However, that is not progressive action but shows situation.
  • This expression does not indicate the action of the stranger in the present progressive tense, but conveys the situation that "an unknown person is standing in front of the entrance."

Detailed explanation

  • Ordinary:知らない人が玄関の前に立っている。
  • Politely:知らない人が玄関の前に立っています。
  • 知らない(noun modifier)+人(subject)+が(nominative particle)
  • +玄関の前に(adverb phrase, place)
  • +立っ(verb "立つ", conjunctive form)+て(conjunction particle)
  • +いる(auxiliary verb, situation)/ +います(auxiliary verb, polite situation)。
  • ※「知らない(noun modifier)」➡知ら(verb, negative form)+ない(auxiliary verb, negation)
  • ※「玄関の前に(adverb phrase, place)」➡玄関(noun)+の(case particle)+前(noun, position)+に(objective particle, position)

Vocabulary note

知らない人:知らない(noun modifier)+人(noun) stranger
玄関   :(noun) door, entrance
前    :(noun) front, former 
に    :(objective particle, position) Particle of place
立つ   :(verb) stand
 ◆Advanced Study Conjugation of the verb "知る"(Five-step)
Negative form
知ら(ない)
Auxiliary verb "ない" is added after
知らない人が玄関の前に立っています。
A stranger is standing in front of the door.
Consecutive form
知り(ます/ました/ません)
Auxiliary verb "ます/ました/ません" is added after
私は北海道がとても寒いことを初めて知りました
I learned for the first time that Hokkaido is very cold.
Past tense form
知っ(た)
Auxiliary verb "た" is added after
私は北海道がとても寒いことを初めて知った
I learned for the first time that Hokkaido is very cold.
Conjunctive form
知っ(て)

Conjunction particle "て" is added after
私は玄関の前に立っている人を知っています
I know someone standing in front of the door.
Basic form
知る
知る
know
Adnominal form
知る(+noun)
Noun is added after
彼はこの事実を知るときにショックを受けるだろう。
He will be shocked when he learns this fact.
Hypothesis form
知れ(ば)
Conjunction particle "ば" is added after
彼はこの事実を知ればショックを受けるだろう。
He will be shocked to know this fact.
Imperative form
Nothing of conjugation
State verbs do not have an imperative form
Intentional form
知ろ(う)
Auxiliary verb "う" is added after
彼は日本のことを詳しく知ろうと思い、そのため毎日勉強している。
He wants to know more about Japan, so he is studying every day.

The conjugation form of the verb "知る" takes the form of "ra, ri, ru, re, ro" like "知ない, 知たい, 知, 知ば, 知う", so it is called the five-step conjugation of verbs.

 ◆Advanced Study Conjugation of the verb "立つ"(Five-step)
Negative form
立た(ない)
Auxiliary verb "ない" is added after
風が強くてポールがうまく立たない
The wind is so strong that the poles don't stand up well.
Consecutive form
立ち(ます/ました/ません)
Auxiliary verb "ます/ました/ません" is added after
私は彼らに悪口を言われて、腹が立ちました
I got angry when they called me bad.
Past tense form
立っ(た)
Auxiliary verb "た" is added after
私は彼らに悪口を言われて、腹が立った
I got angry when they called me bad.
Conjunctive form
立っ(て)

Conjunction particle "て" is added after
知らない人が玄関の前に立っています
A stranger is standing in front of the door.
Basic form
立つ
立つ
stand
Adnominal form
立つ(+noun)
Noun is added after
腹が立つときには深呼吸をしてみよう。
Take a deep breath when you get angry.
Hypothesis form
立て(ば)
Conjunction particle "ば" is added after
このポールが立てば完成です。
If this pole stands up, it is completed.
Imperative form
立て
The form for giving orders
号令に合わせて立て
Stand according to the order!
Intentional form
立と(う)
Auxiliary verb "う" is added after
彼は日本の未来のために選挙に立とうと決意しました。
He decided to stand in the election for Japan's future.

The conjugation form of the verb "立つ" takes the form of "ta, chi, tsu, te, to" like "立ない, 立たい, 立, 立ば, 立う", so it is called the five-step conjugation of verbs.

(2) 彼女は有名な大学を卒業しています

  • She graduated from a famous university.
  • Ordinary:彼女は有名な大学を卒業している。
  • Politely:彼女は有名な大学を卒業してます。
  • Replacing "いる" with "います" makes it more polite.
  • This expression is not used in the past tense to say that she graduated from a famous university, but is used when describing the situation based on the record that she graduated from a famous university.

Detailed explanation

  • Ordinary:彼女は有名な大学を卒業している。
  • Politely:彼女は有名な大学を卒業してます。
  • 彼女(subject)+は(nominative particle)
  • +有名な大学(object)+を(objective particle)
  • +卒業し(verb "卒業する", conjunctive form)+て(conjunction particle)
  • +いる(auxiliary verb, situation)/ +います(auxiliary verb, polite situation)。
  • ※「有名な大学(object)」➡有名な(adjective)+大学(noun)

Vocabulary note

有名な :(adjective) famous
大学  :(noun) university
卒業する:(verb) graduate
 ◆Advanced Study Conjugation of the verb "卒業する"('sa-line' specific)
Negative form
卒業し(ない)
Auxiliary verb "ない" is added after
卒業せ(ず)
Auxiliary verb "ず" is added after
彼は大学を卒業せずに、自分の会社を開始した。
He started his own company without graduating from college.
Consecutive form
卒業し(ます/ました/ません)
Auxiliary verb "ます/ました/ません" is added after
私は来年高校を卒業します
I will graduate from high school next year.
Past tense form
卒業し(た
Auxiliary verb "た" is added after
私の弟は昨年中学を卒業した
My younger brother graduated from junior high school last year.
Conjunctive form
卒業し(て)

Conjunction particle "て" is added after
彼女は有名な大学を卒業しています
She graduated from a famous university.
Basic form
卒業する
卒業する
graduate
Adnominal form
卒業する(+noun)
Noun is added after
彼が大学を卒業するときにお祝いしましょう。
Congratulate him when he graduates from college.
Hypothesis form
卒業すれ(ば)
Conjunction particle "ば" is added after
誰でも学校を卒業すれば立派な社会人です。
Anyone who graduates from school is a good member of society.
Imperative form
卒業しろ
The form for giving orders
留年せずに卒業しろよ!
Graduate without repeating the year!
Intentional form
しよ(う)
Auxiliary verb "う" is added after
彼は頑張って大学を卒業しようとする意志がない。
He has no will to work hard and graduate from college.

The conjugation form of the verb "卒業する" takes the irregular form of "shi(se), shi, suru, sure, shiro(shiyo)" like "卒業ない(卒業ず), 卒業ます, 卒業する, 卒業すれば, 卒業しろ(卒業しよう)", so it is called the 'sa-line' specific conjugation of verbs.

(3) 私は今彼女の家に遊びに来ています

  • I'm visiting her house now.
  • Ordinary:私は今彼女の家に遊びに来ている。
  • Politely:私は今彼女の家に遊びに来ています
  • Replacing "いる" with "います" makes it more polite.
  • The verb"来る" originally expresses the action of coming from a certain place, but the expression "来ている/来ています" here expresses the situation as "I am visiting."

Detailed explanation

  • Ordinary:私は今彼女の家に遊びに来ている。
  • Politely:私は今彼女の家に遊びに来ています
  • 私(subject)+は(nominative particle)
  • +今(time)
  • +彼女の家(object)+に(objective particle, place)
  • +遊びに(verb modifier)
  • +来(verb "来る", conjunctive form)+て(conjunction particle)
  • +いる(auxiliary verb, situation)/ +います(auxiliary verb, polite situation)。
  • ※「遊びに(verb modifier)」➡遊び(noun)+に(objective particle, verb modifier)
  • ※「遊びに来る」:遊びに(verb modifier)+来る(verb) come to play
  • ※「遊びに行く」:遊びに(verb modifier)+行く(verb) go to play

Vocabulary note

家 :(noun) house, home
遊び:(noun) to play
来る:(verb) come

A new usage of the particle "に" has appeared. Like "遊びに", it is added after a noun to form a verb modifier.

Rabbit Boy
Rabbit Boy
 ◆Advanced Study Conjugation of the verb "来る"('ka-line' specific)
Negative form
来(ない)
Auxiliary verb "ない" is added after
来(ず)
Auxiliary verb "ず" is added after
彼は今日図書館には来ない
He won't come to the library today.
Consecutive form
来(ます/ました/ません)
Auxiliary verb "ます/ました/ません" is added after
彼は今日図書館に来ますか。
Will he come to the library today?
Past tense form
来(た)
Auxiliary verb "た" is added after
彼は昨日図書館に来た
He came to the library yesterday.
Conjunctive form
来(て)

Conjunction particle "て" is added after
私は今彼女の家に遊びに来ています
I'm visiting her house now.
Basic form
来る
来る
come
Adnominal form
来る(+noun)
Noun is added after
彼が図書館に来るときはいつですか。
When will he come to the library?
彼が図書館に来る前に必要な本を探しましょう。
Before he comes to the library, let's find the necessary books.
Hypothesis form
来れ(ば)
Conjunction particle "ば" is added after
彼も今日図書館に来れば、一緒に勉強できたのに。
If he had come to the library today, we could have studied together.
Imperative form
来い
The form for giving orders
早く来い
Come quickly!
Intentional form
来よ(う)
Auxiliary verb "う" is added after
このホテルは快適なので、また来ようと思う。
This hotel is comfortable, so I think I will come again.

The conjugation form of the verb "来る" takes the irregular form of "ko, ki, kuru, kure, koi(koyo)" like "来ない(来ず), 来ます, 来る, 来れば, 来い(来よう)", so it is called the 'ka-line' specific conjugation of verbs. This specific verb conjugation applies only to verb"来る".

Regarding the adnominal form, we have explained that nouns such as "とき/ところ" is added after, from this lesson, we will use the more general form of "verb + noun" like "来る(+noun)".

 

7-2 Situational Expression & Present Progressive Tense

  • In Japanese, situational expressions and the present progressive tense are similar in expression, so be careful.
  • For situational expressions, the verbs used are the verbs that describe the situation (e.g. standing, graduating, coming to play). It represents a situation rather than an action.
  • For the present continuous tense, the verbs used are action verbs (watching TV, studying). It shows how the action is progressing.

Let's finish the homework I didn't do yesterday before Miss JJ comes to class! Oh! I have to say "before Miss JJ comes to class" in Japanese, "JJ先生が教室に来る前に". It's "来る(verb, adnominal form)+前(noun)".

Rabbit Boy
Rabbit Boy
LADY JJ
LADY JJ

Rabbit, you've studied well!
Today's lesson ends here. Ladies and gentlemen, did you understand today's theme "Verb Situational Expressions"? Next time, we will learn possible expressions like "I can do something" in detail. See you!

See you next time!

Rabbit Boy
Rabbit Boy
Japanese Study Course
Japanese Study Course

This is a free online teaching material for foreigners to learn Japanese. The course is designed that you can naturally acquire knowledge by lying down at home.

日語學習課程
日語學習課程

我們決定提供一個學習課程,以簡單易懂的方式用繁體中文解釋日語語法。這些課程免費向公眾開放。我盡我所能提供更有效和高效的學習方法和內容,幫助您在短時間內提高技能。一起開始日語課程吧!

Chinese Study Course
Chinese Study Course

This is a free online teaching material for foreigners to learn Chinese. The best feature of the course is designed that you can naturally acquire knowledge by lying down at home and reading the content while looking at your mobile phone or tablet.

Ryukyu Dynasty
Ryukyu Dynasty

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❷Two Great Samurais & American sages
❷Two Great Samurais & American sages

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Beautiful Landscape
Beautiful Landscape

I introduce my YouTube videos, landscape photos. In addition of photos and videos in Japan, maps of places taken photos, travel information, my impressions.

Beautiful landscape of Japan
Beautiful landscape of Japan

All photos taken by Ryusho. The contents are as follows; Tokyo Sky Tree, Yokohama port, Okinawa, Umikaji Terrace, Noboribetsu Hot Springs, Kokura Castle, Rokko mountain night view

Hakodate & Southern Hokkaido Special (Autumn)
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YouTube video (Fireworks display)
YouTube video (Fireworks display)

This is a video of the fireworks display with music (in Nagasaki). I use the music that was playing on the spot. Enjoy the splendid fireworks with music.

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Japanese Study Course
日語學習課程
Chinese Study Course
Ryukyu Dynasty
❶Two Great Samurais & American sages
❷Two Great Samurais & American sages
Beautiful Landscape
Beautiful landscape of Japan
Hakodate & Southern Hokkaido Special (Autumn)
YouTube video (Fireworks display)
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