*ENGLISH Japanese Study Course

❺Past tense of verbs

2023年2月26日

【広告】RAKUTEN

Extra : Let's enjoy Japanese Heroine Songs!
Extra : Let's enjoy Japanese Heroine Songs!

We introduce how to study Japanese while listening to Japanese heroine anime songs. キューティーハニー, エースをねらえ, アタックNo.1, 魔女っ子メグちゃん, Japanese Songs, @Kanbe_Ryusho2023

Extra Lesson: Let's sing Japanese Karaoke!
Extra Lesson: Let's sing Japanese Karaoke!

This time is an extra lesson. We will introduce how to study Japanese while enjoying original YouTube karaoke videos. Enjoy nostalgic anime & hero theme songs!

Japanese Study Course
Japanese Study Course

This is a free online teaching material for foreigners to learn Japanese. The course is designed that you can naturally acquire knowledge by lying down at home.

❶Basic Pronouns
❶Basic Pronouns

Pronouns are the basis of grammar. Now, let's check the list of personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and interrogative pronouns.

❷Modification of Nouns
❷Modification of Nouns

Modifying nouns with pronouns, other nouns, to-infinitives, participles and relative pronouns. Example, in Japanese usage, 'noun + "の" + noun', as in '先生の辞書'.

❸Noun/Adjective Predicate
❸Noun/Adjective Predicate

"A は B です" is called a noun predicate sentence. - "A は B が好きです" is called an adjective predicate sentence. "好きです" consists of 'Adject + Auxiliary verb'. No verb

❹Verbal predicate sentences
❹Verbal predicate sentences

Japanese grammatical constructions like "A は B を・・・。" are called verbal predicate sentences. The predicate part "・・・" consists of 'a verb + an auxiliary verb'.

❺Past tense of verbs and auxiliary verbs
❺Past tense of verbs and auxiliary verbs

If you want to say, "I bought two dictionaries." in Japanese, you would normally say "私は2冊辞書を買った。" To put it politely, it's "私は2冊辞書を買いました。"ます" ➡Past tense "ました"

❻Present/Past Progressive Tenses
❻Present/Past Progressive Tenses

Present/Past

❼Verb Situational Expressions
❼Verb Situational Expressions

Verb expressions that indicate the situation have the same form as the present progressive tense. However, that is not progressive action but shows situation.

❽Possible Expressions [1]
❽Possible Expressions [1]

If you want to say, "I can speak English." in Japanese, you would politely say "私は英語ができます。". In another Japanese expression, you would say "私は英語を話すことができます。".

❾Possible Expressions [2]
❾Possible Expressions [2]

We will study verbs that indicate "possible" in Japanese. The verb "買う(buy)" was studied in lesson 5, let me introduce a verb "買える" that indicate "can buy".

➓Future Tense Expression
➓Future Tense Expression

"Shohei Ohtani will not pitch in the baseball game tomorrow." in Japanese, you would normally say "大谷翔平は明日の野球の試合で投げないだろう。". Future tense same as present tense.

⓫Guess/Conviction Expressions
⓫Guess/Conviction Expressions

Guess, Conviction, Verb(basic)/Noun/Adj+かもしれない, Possibility Guess, May be, Subjective Conviction, Must be, Objective Conjecture, Should be.

⓬Expressions of Desire
⓬Expressions of Desire

About expressions of desire, if you want to say, "I want to go on a trip with my friends during the summer vacation." in Japanese, you say "私は夏休みに友達と旅行がしたいです。".

⓭Expressions of Permissions and Prohibitions
⓭Expressions of Permissions and Prohibitions

We will study the expressions of permissions and prohibitions. "Can I go to Shibuya with my friends tomorrow?" in Japanese, you can say "私は明日、友達と渋谷に行ってもいいですか。".

⓮Expressions of Invitation & Intention
⓮Expressions of Invitation & Intention

Let's study the expressions of invitation & intention such as "Would you like to…/ Let's do…" for invitation & "I would like to…/ I'm going to…" for intention.

⓯Expressions of Requests
⓯Expressions of Requests

Let's study expressions of requests such as "Please do …" or "Will you please do…". If you want to say, "Please open the window." in Japanese, "窓を開けてください。".

⓰Expressions of "S+V+O+O"
⓰Expressions of "S+V+O+O"

Let's study expressions with two objects such as the pattern S+V+O+O like "I will give her a birthday present." You say "私は彼女に誕生日のプレゼントをあげようと思います。" in Japanese.

⓱Expressions by verb conjunctive form
⓱Expressions by verb conjunctive form

In lesson 17, we'll review the Expressions by verb conjunctive form we have already studied before. Also let's study new usages such as "・・・していきます/・・・してきます" .

⓲Usage of "i-type" adjectives
⓲Usage of "i-type" adjectives

Two types of Japanese adjectives: i-type and na-type. In Lesson 18, we study the usage of i-type adjectives. ex:"赤いリンゴ(a red apple)" or "高い山(a high mountain)".

⓳Usage of "na-type" adjectives
⓳Usage of "na-type" adjectives

Let's study "Usage of na-type adjectives." For example, "きれいな先生", "静かな音楽". They can also be used as an adjective predicate sentence, such as "この音楽は静かだ/静かではない。".

⓴Usage of Particles "が"&"は"
⓴Usage of Particles "が"&"は"

In Lesson 20, we will study the usage of particle "が" & "は". These two particles are similar in usage, so we will explain in detail how to use them differently.

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Extra : Let's enjoy Japanese Heroine Songs!
Extra Lesson: Let's sing Japanese Karaoke!
Japanese Study Course
❶Basic Pronouns
❷Modification of Nouns
❸Noun/Adjective Predicate
❹Verbal predicate sentences
❺Past tense of verbs and auxiliary verbs
❻Present/Past Progressive Tenses
❼Verb Situational Expressions
❽Possible Expressions [1]
❾Possible Expressions [2]
➓Future Tense Expression
⓫Guess/Conviction Expressions
⓬Expressions of Desire
⓭Expressions of Permissions and Prohibitions
⓮Expressions of Invitation & Intention
⓯Expressions of Requests
⓰Expressions of "S+V+O+O"
⓱Expressions by verb conjunctive form
⓲Usage of "i-type" adjectives
⓳Usage of "na-type" adjectives
⓴Usage of Particles "が"&"は"
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Japanese Study Course Lesson5

Lady JJ
Lady JJ

Hello everyone. I'm JJ. Nice to meet you! Welcome to Japanese Study Course. In lesson 5, we will study past tense of verbs and auxiliary verbs in Japanese.

LADY JJ
LADY JJ

We have good news for you!
In Ryusho Kanbe's room, we have just introduced the text-to-speech software "Ondoku-san". Please make full use of the Japanese audio and further improve your Japanese language skills.
Created By ondoku3.com

5-1 Past tense of Verbs

  • Past tense of Verbs (ordinary)➡ " Verb( past tense form )+た "
  • Past tense of Verbs (polite) ➡ " Verb( Consecutive form )+ました "

(1)Affirmative form

  • I bought two dictionaries.
  • Ordinary:私は2冊辞書を買った。(私は辞書を2冊買った。)
  • "私は2冊辞書を買った。" can also be replaced with "私は辞書を2冊買った。". They have the same meaning.
  • Politely:私は2冊辞書を買いました。(私は辞書を2冊買いました。)
  • "私は2冊辞書を買いました。" can also be replaced with "私は辞書を2冊買いました。". They also have the same meaning.
  • Replacing "買った" with "買いました" makes it more polite.

Detailed explanation

  • Ordinary:私は2冊辞書を買った。(私は辞書を2冊買った。)
  • Politely:私は2冊辞書を買いました。(私は辞書を2冊買いました。)
  • 私(subject)+は(nominative particle)
  • +2冊(number+quantifier)+辞書(object)+を(object particle)
  • <OR> +辞書(object)+を(object particle)+2冊(number+quantifier)
  • +買っ(verb, past form)+た(auxiliary verb, past tense)/ +買い(verb, consecutive form)+ました(compound auxiliary verb, polite, past tense)。

Vocabulary note

冊  :(quantifier) A quantifier used when counting books, notebooks, etc.
辞書 :(noun) dictionary
買う :(verb) buy

In Japanese, quantifiers are added to numbers when expressing quantities. There are many types of quantifiers, so I will explain them each time they appear.

 ◆Advanced Study Auxiliary verb "た" & Compound auxiliary verb "ました"
Category: auxiliary verb
Meaningpast tense
Advanced commentary

Auxiliary verbs attached to verbs to show the past tense at ordinary sentences
Example:買った ➡ 買っ(verb"買う", past tense form)+た(auxiliary verb, past tense)
ましたCategory: compound auxiliary verb
Meaning
: polite past tense
Advanced commentary

ました➡まし(auxiliary verb"ます", past tense form)+た(auxiliary verb, past tense)
Example:買いました ➡ 買い(verb"買う", consecutive form)+ました(compound auxiliary verb, polite past tense)

(2)Negative form

  • I did not buy a dictionary.
  • Ordinary:私は辞書を買わなかった。
  • Politely:私は辞書を買いませんでした。
  • Replacing "買わなかった" with "買いませんでした" makes it more polite.

Detailed explanation

  • Ordinary:私は辞書を買わなかった。
  • Politely:私は辞書を買いませんでした。
  • 私(subject)+は(nominative particle)
  • +辞書(object)+を(object particle)
  • +買わ(verb, negative form)+なかった(compound auxiliary verb, negative past tense)/ +買い(verb, consecutive form)+ません(compound auxiliary verb, polite negative)+でした(compound auxiliary verb, polite past tense)。
 ◆Advanced Study Compound auxiliary verb "なかった" & "ませんでした"
なかったCategory: compound auxiliary verb
Meaningnegative
past tense
Advanced commentary

Compound auxiliary verb, negative past tense. Past tense of auxiliary verb "ない"
Example:
買わなかった ➡ 買わ(verb"買う", negative form)+なかっ(auxiliary verb"ない", past tense form)+た(auxiliary verb, past tense)
ませんでしたCategory: compound auxiliary verb
Meaning
: polite negative past tense
Advanced commentary

ません:Compound auxiliary verb, polite negative
➡ませ(auxiliary verb"ます", negative form)+ん(auxiliary verb, negation)
でした:Compound auxiliary verb, polite past tense
➡でし(auxiliary verb"です", past tense form)+た(auxiliary verb, past tense)
Example:
買いませんでした ➡ 買い(verb"買う", consecutive form)+ません(Compound auxiliary verb, polite negative)+でした(compound auxiliary verb, polite past tense)
 ◆Advanced Study Conjugation of the verb "買う"(Five-step)
Negative form
買わ(ない/なかった)
Auxiliary verb "ない/なかった" is added after
あなたはいつも何も買わない
You don't always buy anything.
私は辞書を買わなかった
I did not buy a dictionary.
Consecutive form
買い(ます/ました/
ませんでした)
Auxiliary verb "ます/ました/ませんでした" is added after
私は辞書を買います
I will buy a dictionary.
私は辞書を買いました
I bought a dictionary.
私は辞書を買いませんでした
I did not buy a dictionary.
Past tense form
買っ(た)
Auxiliary verb "た" is added after
私は辞書を買った
I bought a dictionary.
Basic form
買う
買う
buy
Adnominal form
買う(+noun)
Noun is added after
野菜を買うときには新鮮なものを選んでね。
When you buy vegetables, choose fresh ones.
Hypothesis form
買え(ば)
Conjunction particle "ば" is added after
私も辞書を買えばよかったかもね。
Maybe I should have bought a dictionary too.
Imperative form
買え
The form for giving orders
私はお金がないので、君はおもちゃを自分で買え
I don't have money, so you buy yourself a toy!
Intentional form
買お(う)
Auxiliary verb "う" is added after
新しい雑誌が出たので、明日買おうと思う。
A new magazine has come out, so I think I'll buy it tomorrow.

The conjugation form of the verb "買う" takes the form of "wa, i, u, e, o" like "買ない,買ます,買,買ば,買う", so it is called the five-step conjugation of verbs.

For the better understanding of our readers, in KANBE Ryusho's room, regarding the case of the five-stage verb conjugations, we set them in the order of "a, i, u, e, o" based on the conjugation form . The verb "買う" is the five-stage verb, so it is arranged in the order of "wa, i, u, e, o".

 

5-2 Summary of Past tense of Auxiliary verbs

  • Auxiliary verb "ます" ➡ [Past tense] "ました"
  • 私は辞書を買います。(I will buy a dictionary.) ➡ [Past tense] 私は辞書を買いました(I bought a dictionary.)
  • 私は辞書を買います。(I will buy a dictionary.) ➡ [Negative form] 私は辞書を買いません。(I will not buy a dictionary.)
  • 私は辞書を買いました ➡ [Negative form] 私は辞書を買いませんでした。(I did not buy a dictionary.)

Let's review today's study!
「私はリンゴを買いました。」(I bought an apple.)、
「チャッピーさんはリンゴを買いませんでした。」(Chappy didn't buy an apple.)
Perfect!

Rabbit Boy
Rabbit Boy
LADY JJ
LADY JJ

Today's lesson ends here. Ladies and gentlemen, did you understand today's theme "Past tense of verbs and auxiliary verbs"? Next time, we will learn about the present/past progressive tense. See you!

See you next time!

Rabbit Boy
Rabbit Boy
Japanese Study Course
Japanese Study Course

This is a free online teaching material for foreigners to learn Japanese. The course is designed that you can naturally acquire knowledge by lying down at home.

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日語學習課程

我們決定提供一個學習課程,以簡單易懂的方式用繁體中文解釋日語語法。這些課程免費向公眾開放。我盡我所能提供更有效和高效的學習方法和內容,幫助您在短時間內提高技能。一起開始日語課程吧!

Chinese Study Course
Chinese Study Course

This is a free online teaching material for foreigners to learn Chinese. The best feature of the course is designed that you can naturally acquire knowledge by lying down at home and reading the content while looking at your mobile phone or tablet.

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Beautiful Landscape

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YouTube video (Fireworks display)

This is a video of the fireworks display with music (in Nagasaki). I use the music that was playing on the spot. Enjoy the splendid fireworks with music.

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Japanese Study Course
日語學習課程
Chinese Study Course
Ryukyu Dynasty
❶Two Great Samurais & American sages
❷Two Great Samurais & American sages
Beautiful Landscape
Beautiful landscape of Japan
Hakodate & Southern Hokkaido Special (Autumn)
YouTube video (Fireworks display)
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