⓲Usage of "i-type" adjectives

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Japanese Study Course

This is a free online teaching material for foreigners to learn Japanese. The course is designed that you can naturally acquire knowledge by lying down at home.

❶Basic Pronouns

Pronouns are the basis of grammar. Now, let's check the list of personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and interrogative pronouns.

❷Modification of Nouns

Modifying nouns with pronouns, other nouns, to-infinitives, participles and relative pronouns. Example, in Japanese usage, 'noun + "の" + noun', as in '先生の辞書'.

❸Noun/Adjective Predicate

"A は B です" is called a noun predicate sentence. - "A は B が好きです" is called an adjective predicate sentence. "好きです" consists of 'Adject + Auxiliary verb'. No verb

❹Verbal predicate sentences

Japanese grammatical constructions like "A は B を･･･。" are called verbal predicate sentences. The predicate part "･･･" consists of 'a verb + an auxiliary verb'.

❺Past tense of verbs and auxiliary verbs

If you want to say, "I bought two dictionaries." in Japanese, you would normally say "私は2冊辞書を買った。" To put it politely, it's "私は２冊辞書を買いました。"ます" ➡Past tense "ました"

❻Present/Past Progressive Tenses

Present/Past

❼Verb Situational Expressions

Verb expressions that indicate the situation have the same form as the present progressive tense. However, that is not progressive action but shows situation.

❽Possible Expressions [1]

If you want to say, "I can speak English." in Japanese, you would politely say "私は英語ができます。". In another Japanese expression, you would say "私は英語を話すことができます。".

❾Possible Expressions [2]

We will study verbs that indicate "possible" in Japanese. The verb "買う（buy）" was studied in lesson 5, let me introduce a verb "買える" that indicate "can buy".

➓Future Tense Expression

"Shohei Ohtani will not pitch in the baseball game tomorrow." in Japanese, you would normally say "大谷翔平は明日の野球の試合で投げないだろう。". Future tense same as present tense.

⓫Guess/Conviction Expressions

Guess, Conviction, Verb(basic)/Noun/Adj＋かもしれない, Possibility Guess, May be, Subjective Conviction, Must be, Objective Conjecture, Should be.

⓬Expressions of Desire

About expressions of desire, if you want to say, "I want to go on a trip with my friends during the summer vacation." in Japanese, you say "私は夏休みに友達と旅行がしたいです。".

⓭Expressions of Permissions and Prohibitions

We will study the expressions of permissions and prohibitions. "Can I go to Shibuya with my friends tomorrow?" in Japanese, you can say "私は明日、友達と渋谷に行ってもいいですか。".

⓮Expressions of Invitation & Intention

Let's study the expressions of invitation & intention such as "Would you like to…/ Let's do…" for invitation & "I would like to…/ I'm going to…" for intention.

⓯Expressions of Requests

Let's study expressions of requests such as "Please do …" or "Will you please do…". If you want to say, "Please open the window." in Japanese, "窓を開けてください。".

⓰Expressions of "S+V+O+O"

Let's study expressions with two objects such as the pattern S+V+O+O like "I will give her a birthday present." You say "私は彼女に誕生日のプレゼントをあげようと思います。" in Japanese.

⓱Expressions by verb conjunctive form

In lesson 17, we'll review the Expressions by verb conjunctive form we have already studied before. Also let's study new usages such as "･･･していきます/･･･してきます" .

⓲Usage of "i-type" adjectives

Two types of Japanese adjectives: i-type and na-type. In Lesson 18, we study the usage of i-type adjectives. ex:"赤いリンゴ（a red apple）" or "高い山（a high mountain）".

⓳Usage of "na-type" adjectives

Let's study "Usage of na-type adjectives." For example, "きれいな先生", "静かな音楽". They can also be used as an adjective predicate sentence, such as "この音楽は静かだ/静かではない。".

⓴Usage of Particles "が"&"は"

In Lesson 20, we will study the usage of particle "が" & "は". These two particles are similar in usage, so we will explain in detail how to use them differently.

Japanese Study Course Lesson18

LADY JJ

There are two types of Japanese adjectives: i-type and na-type. In Lesson 18, we will first study the usage of i-type adjectives. For example, it is an adjective used like "赤いリンゴ（a red apple）" or "高い山（a high mountain）". It can also be used as an adjective predicate sentence, such as "このリンゴは赤い。（This apple is red.）".

English explanation

LADY JJ

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18-1 Noun modification

Noun modification ➡ "i-type adjective + noun": ex. 赤いリンゴ（a red apple）

Noun modification ➡ "i-type adjective + noun": ex. 高い山（a high mountain）

Japanese practice

English explanation

18-2 Adjective Predicate Sentence （present tense）

Adjective predicate sentence “Ａ（ subject ）が/はＢ（ adjective ）。”

We studied adjective predicate forms in lesson 3.

（１）Affirmative form

Affirmative form ➡ “このリンゴは赤い。（This apple is red.）”

This apple is red.
Ordinary：このリンゴは赤い。
Politely：このリンゴは赤いです。
Adding the auxiliary verb "です" to the end of the i-type adjective predicate sentence makes it more polite.

Japanese practice

English explanation

（２）Negative form

Negative form ➡ “このリンゴは赤くない。（This apple is not red.）”

This apple is not red.
Ordinary：このリンゴは赤くない。
Politely➀：このリンゴは赤くないです。
To make the negative form of the i-type adjective, replace "い" with "く" and add the negative auxiliary verb "ない".
Adding the auxiliary verb "です" to the end of the i-type adjective predicate sentence makes it more polite.
Politely➁：このリンゴは赤くありません。
To make another polite negative form of the i-type adjective, replace "い" with "く" and add a collocation phrase for polite negation "ありません" at the end of the sentence.

Japanese practice

English explanation

◆Detailed explanation

Ordinary：このリンゴは赤くない。
このリンゴ（subject）+は（nominative particle）+赤くない（adjective predicate）。
赤くない（adjective predicate）➡赤く（i-type adjective "赤い", negative form）+ない（auxiliary verb, negation）
Politely➀：このリンゴは赤くないです。
このリンゴ（subject）+は（nominative particle）+赤くないです（adjective predicate）。
赤くないです（adjective predicate）➡赤く（i-type adjective "赤い", negative form）+ない（auxiliary verb, negation）+です（auxiliary verb, polite affirmation）
Politely➁：このリンゴは赤くありません。
このリンゴ（subject）+は（nominative particle）+赤くありません（adjective predicate）。
赤くありません（adjective predicate）➡赤く（i-type adjective "赤い", negative form）+ありません（collocation phrase, polite negation）
ありません（collocation phrase, polite negation）➡あり（verb "ある", consecutive form）+ませ（auxiliary verb "ます", polite, negative form）+ん（auxiliary verb, negation）

◆Vocabulary note

赤い　：（i-type adjective） red
リンゴ：（noun） apple

（３）Interrogative form (Question)

Interrogative form ➡ “この料理は辛いですか。（Is this dish spicy?）”

Is this dish spicy?
Ordinary：この料理は辛いか。
Politely：この料理は辛いですか。
Adding the auxiliary verb "です" after the i-type adjective makes it more polite.

Japanese practice

English explanation

◆Detailed explanation

Ordinary：この料理は辛いか。
Politely：この料理は辛いですか。
この料理（subject）+は（nominative particle）+辛いか/辛いですか（adjective predicate）。
辛いか（adjective predicate）➡辛い（i-type adjective, basic form）+か（ending particle, question）
辛いですか（adjective predicate）➡辛い（i-type adjective, basic form）+です（auxiliary verb, polite affirmation）+か（ending particle, question）

◆Vocabulary note

料理：（noun） food/dish
辛い：（i-type adjective） spicy/hot

18-3 Adjective Predicate Sentence （past tense）

（１）Affirmative form

Past Affirmative form ➡ “昨日は寒かったです。（It was cold yesterday.）”

It was cold yesterday.
Ordinary：昨日は寒かった。
Politely：昨日は寒かったです。
To make the past affirmative form of an i-type adjective, replace "い" with "かっ" and add the past particle "た".
Adding the auxiliary verb "です" to the end of the i-type adjective predicate sentence makes it more polite.

Japanese practice

English explanation

◆Detailed explanation

Ordinary：昨日は寒かった。
Politely：昨日は寒かったです。
昨日（subject）+は（nominative particle）+寒かった/寒かったです（adjective predicate）。
寒かった（adjective predicate）➡寒かっ（i-type adjective "寒い", consecutive form）+た（auxiliary verb, past）
寒かったです（adjective predicate）➡寒かっ（i-type adjective "寒い", consecutive form）+た（auxiliary verb, past）+です（auxiliary verb, polite affirmation）

◆Vocabulary note

昨日：（noun） yesterday
寒い：（i-type adjective） cold

（２）Negative form

Past Negative form ➡ “昨日は寒くなかったです。（It was not cold yesterday.）”

It was not cold yesterday.
Ordinary：昨日は寒くなかった。
Politely➀：昨日は寒くなかったです。
To make the past negative form of an i-type adjective, replace "い" with "く" and add the compound auxiliary verb "なかった".
Adding the auxiliary verb "です" to the end of the i-type adjective predicate sentence makes it more polite.
Politely➁：昨日は寒くありませんでした。
To form another polite past negative form of the i-type adjective, replace "い" with "く" and add a collocation phrase for polite past negation "ありませんでした" at the end of the sentence.

Japanese practice

English explanation

◆Detailed explanation

Ordinary：昨日は寒くなかった。
昨日（subject）+は（nominative particle）+寒くなかった（adjective predicate）。
寒くなかった（adjective predicate）➡寒く（i-type adjective "寒い", negative form）+なかっ（auxiliary verb "ない", negation, past form）+た（auxiliary verb, past）
Politely➀：昨日は寒くなかったです。
昨日（subject）+は（nominative particle）+寒くなかったです（adjective predicate）。
寒くなかったです（adjective predicate）➡寒く（i-type adjective "寒い", negative form）+なかっ（auxiliary verb "ない", negation, past form）+た（auxiliary verb, past）+です（auxiliary verb, polite affirmation）
Politely➁：昨日は寒くありませんでした。
昨日（subject）+は（nominative particle）+寒くありませんでした（adjective predicate）。
寒くありませんでした（adjective predicate）➡赤く（i-type adjective "赤い", negative form）+ありませんでした（collocation phrase, polite past negation）
ありませんでした（collocation phrase, polite past negation）➡あり（verb "ある", consecutive form）+ませ（auxiliary verb "ます", polite, negative form）+ん（auxiliary verb, negation）+でし（auxiliary verb "です", polite affirmation, past form）+た（auxiliary verb, past）

18-4 Adjective Predicate Sentence （AはBが〇〇）

AはBが〇〇 ➡ “私は歯が痛い。（I have a toothache.）”

I have a toothache.
Ordinary：私は歯が痛い。
Politely：私は歯が痛いです。
Adding the auxiliary verb "です" to the end of the i-type adjective predicate sentence makes it more polite.

Japanese practice

English explanation

◆Detailed explanation

Ordinary：私は歯が痛い。
Politely：私は歯が痛いです。
私（title）+は（title particle）
歯（subject）+が（nominative particle）+痛い/痛いです（adjective predicate）。
痛い（adjective predicate）➡痛い（i-type adjective, basic form）
痛いです（adjective predicate）➡痛い（i-type adjective, basic form）+です（auxiliary verb, polite affirmation）

◆Vocabulary note

歯　：（noun） tooth
痛い：（i-type adjective） painful

Can you say the following sentence in Japanese?
"Yesterday, my tooth hurt, so I rushed to the dentist. Today, it doesn't hurt." Now, you will try saying:
「昨日、私は歯が痛かったので、急いで歯医者に行きました。今日は痛くありません。」

Rabbit boy

Japanese practice

Lady JJ

Today's lesson ends here. Ladies and gentlemen, did you understand today's theme "Usage of i-type adjectives"? Next time, we will study "Usage of na-type adjectives." See you!

See you next lesson!

Rabbit boy

English explanation

YouTube Video

As our new attempt, we have compiled the contents of Lesson 18 into video teaching materials. Please enjoy learning Japanese with easy-to-understand video teaching materials narrated in English.

TUTORIAL★BGM★ "Usage of i-type Adjectives Japanese"（日本語講座「イｰ形容詞の用法」）【Lesson 18】

Click here for "No BGM" Video, if you want.

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